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R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E Hernández-Mendoza, et al. Emir. J. Food Agric ● Vol 33 ● Issue 2 ● 2021 121 2011). Likewise, the study of the genetic diversity of the genus Capsicum provides parameters for the identification of parents that produce greater heterotic effects and the probability of obtaining superior genotypes in the following generations (Sudré et al., 2005; Costa et al., 2016). Capsicum is native to the tropical and subtropical Americas, and the majority of the genetic diversity is concentrated in Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, and Mexico (García-Gaytán et al., 2017). Capsicum annuum was domesticated in Mexico thousands of years ago and includes both sweet and spicy fruits, with a myriad of shapes, colors, and sizes (Perry and Flannery, 2007; Wang and Bosland, 2006; García-Gaytán et al., 2017). In Capsicum, it have been realized experiment have examined general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) (Geleta and Labuschagne, 2006; Hasanuzzaman et al., 2012; Do Nascimiento et al., 2014). In Mexico, the exploration of the genetic potential of local materials by estimating GCA and SCA has been limited in the case of Capsicum. Pech et al., (2010) estimated the combinatorial aptitude and heterosis of seven Creole populations of “Dulce” chili and the resulting crosses between them, the variables measured were: fruit yield, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, start harvest, plant height, length and diameter of fruit. They found that the additive effects estimated by the GCA were larger than the dominance effects estimated by the SCA. For their part, Hernández-Pérez et al., (2011) evaluated the GCA and SCA in chili genotypes and their direct crosses. Six types of chili were used: three jalapeño type, yellow Hungarian type and a wide type. The variables evaluated were: days to flowering and cutting, fruit yield per plants, diameter, length and average weight of the fruit and yield per hectare. For both cases in the GCA and SCA they found genotypes and crosses with high yield. Previous studies demonstrate research on the genetic diversity of Capsicum materials in different states of Mexico. However, it is necessary to continue to elucidate its potential for improvement, to achieve progress in obtaining new plants. Therefore, the objectives of the following research were: 1) to evaluate the GCA and SCA of 9 parents and their 36 crosses from Guajillo in a dialelic mating scheme and the evaluation of the parents and the F1 set in one direction on the agronomic basis of yield. 2) Identify the best crosses with high yield potential and good heterosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental design The experiment was conducted in 2015 in a metal greenhouse with plastic cover at the Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, Mexico, located at 19° 20’ N, 53’ W, at an altitude of 2250 masl. The seedlings were transplanted 60 days after germination in white polyethylene bags with dimensions of 40 x 40 cm with capacity for 12 L. Red tezontle was used as substrate with granulometry 7 mm. The irrigation system was drip, Steiner nutrient solution was applied (Steiner, 1966), with the following concentrations in molc m -3 12.0 NO3 -, 1.0 H2PO4 -1, 7.0 SO4 2-, 7.0 K+, 9 Ca2+, y 4.0 Mg2+. The concentrations were modified according to the phenological stage. Vegetables absorb and translocate the nutrients from the roots to the demand and development organs such as leaves, flowers and fruits (Jesus et al., 2020). Once flowering begins, the crosses and selffertilization were carried out to obtain the F1 generation. Of the nine populations a partial dialectic was formed with self-fertilization and simple crosses: 1x1, 2x3, 3x49x9, with a total of 36 crosses and the nine parents. Vegetal material The populations used as the parents were formed, based on the characteristics of size, shape and color of fruit from the states of Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and Guanajuato, Mexico (Table 1 and Fig. 1). A partial dialectic was formed with nine parents (populations) with a total of 36 crosses. For the germination of the seed, of the nine populations of Guajillo chili, 100 seeds from each population were used, which were placed in polystyrene trays with 200 cavities, and as a substrate land of mount, subsequently the trays were stowed and covered with black plastic until germination. Evaluation of parents and F1 crosses Subsequently the evaluation of hybrids and their parents, it was carried out in 2017, in the La Huasteca Experimental Field-National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), located south of Tamaulipas, Mexico. The experiment was established in a randomized complete block design with four repetitions, the experimental unit was represented by Table 1: Fruit form and origin of the accessions of the nine populations of Guajillo chili in Mexico Population Description Origin P1 Guajon Red Guajillo Dgo. Zac. y Villa de Reyes SLP P2 Intermediate Red Guajillo Dgo. Zac. y Villa de Reyes SLP P3 Small Red Guajillo Dgo. Zac. y Villa de Reyes SLP P4 Guajon Red Guajillo San Luis Potosí P5 Intermediate Red Guajillo San Luis Potosí P6 Small Red Guajillo San Luis Potosí P7 Guajon Red Guajillo Guanajuato P8 Intermediate Red Guajillo Guanajuato P9 Small Red Guajillo Guanajuato Hernández-Mendoza, et al. 122 Emir. J. Food Agric ● Vol 33 ● Issue 2 ● 2021 all the plants of the experimental unit according to the following Equation 1: t ha-1=[[10,000 m2/useful plot (1.84 m2)]*yiel of the plot]] (1) Data analysis An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the experimental data and the means were compared by the Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05), with the SAS statistical package ver. 9.3. Percentage heterosis (Hm) was estimated with respect to the average of each of the agronomic and yield variables. The herterobeltiosis (Hs) was estimated percentaje of deviation of the F1 hybrid from better parental value. By means of the “t” test described by Wynne et al. (1970) the significance of heterosis and heterobeltiosis was evaluated with respect to the average of the parents. The general combining ability (GCA) and specific (SCA) were calculated following method 2 of Griffing’s dialelic (Griffing, 1956). The DIALLEL-SAS program estimated the effects of GCA and SCA (Zhang and Kang, 2003). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance of parents and their F1 crosses The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences in parents and F1 crosses in most of the variables, except in CD, APB and AF (Table 2). Highly significant effects (P ≤ 0.001) of the GCA were observed in seven of the 11 variables, while SCA had highly significant differences in RFF, RFS, PFS and significant AP, LF and NFP. The lowest coefficient of variation between the variables was observed in the length of fruits (LF) (6.92%), pedicel length (LP) (7.39%) and plant height (AP) (9.23%). While in the NFP, RFF and RFS variables it was greater than 20% (Table 2). Shows the F1 fruits of the crosses developed in the greenhouse Table 2: Mean squares of the analysis of variance for agronomic characteristics and yield in populations of Guajillo chili Variables evaluated Variance analysis Repetition Parents and F1 crosses GCA SCA Error CV (%) df 3 44 8 36 132 Plant height (cm) 438.22** 111.10* 75.98 118.91* 73.22 9.23 Docel coverage (cm) 950.06** 58.89 52.66 60.28 48.32 10.25 Height of the first bifurcation (cm) 5.90 2.55 4.85 2.05 2.53 27.82 Number of fruits per plant 60.61** 24.89*** 52.24*** 18.81* 11.81 25.07 Fruit length (cm) 1.22 1.87*** 4.90*** 1.20* 0.81 6.92 Fruit width (cm) 0.28 0.30 0.61 0.23 0.37 14.79 Peduncle length (cm) 0.37 0.34*** 0.85*** 0.23 0.17 7.39 Fresh fruit weight (g) 16.81 29.05*** 80.93*** 17.52 14.30 10.74 Dry fruit weight (g) 0.51 1.00*** 225.43** 125.06** 0.48 12.74 Fresh fruit yield (t ha-1) 23.22* 19.54*** 28.45*** 17.56*** 7.96 22.50 Dry fruit yield (t ha-1) 2.70** 1.84*** 3.74*** 1.42*** 0.63 26.38 *, **, ***: aSignificant at 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 respectively. GCA = general combining ability; SCA = specific combining ability; CV = coefficient of variation; df = degrees of freedom. a plot of 1.84 m2 useful (two rows of 2 m long by 0.92 cm wide). The experimental unit was represented by a plot of 1.84 m2 useful (two rows of 2 m long by 0.92 cm wide). The characters evaluated, according to the descriptor manual for Capsicum (IPGRI, 1995) were: plant height (AP), canopy cover (CD) (cm), height of the first fork (APB) (cm); fresh fruit weight (PFF) (g), dry fruit weight (PFS) (g), for these two characters the average weight of 12 fruits was taken, fruit length (LF) (cm), fruit width (AF) (cm), peduncle length (LP) (cm), and number of fruits per plant (NFP); yield of dry fruit (RFS, t h-1) and yield of fresh fruit (RFF, t h-1). The evaluation of the plant variables was carried out in four plants in each experimental unit and that of the fruits in three fruits per plant. The evaluation of the green and dry yield variables was carried out considering Fig 1. Fruit form of the accessions of the nine populations of Guajillo chili in Mexico (a) Guajon Red Guajillo, (b) Intermediate Red Guajillo and (c) Small Red Guajillo. a b c Hernández-Mendoza, et al. Emir. J. Food Agric ● Vol 33 ● Issue 2 ● 2021 123 (Fig. 2). Fruits of the F1 crosses developed in the field to obtain F2 seeds (Fig. 3). The results show the existing variation in the populations and their crosses, which is because these populations come from a broad genetic base. Similar results have been reported in RF, NFP, AP and LF in sweet pepper (May et al., 2010). The GCA of the populations and their crosses differed significantly (P ≤ 0.001) in NFP, LF, LP, PFF, PFS, as well as the RFF and RFS in t ha-1. In the case of the GCA, significant differences were observed in the variables NFP, LF, LP, PFF, PFS, RFF Y RFS and for ACE in the variables AP, NFP, PFS, RFF and RFS. As seen in Table 2, the GCA are greater in magnitude than the SCA in most of the variables ex

Genetic components of characters related to yield in pepper guajillo: method II of Griffing