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Over a 2-day period in late September 1979, the American Petroleum Institute (API) discharged nine 10- or 20-barrel volumes of Alaskan Prudhoe Bay crude oil in a test area offshore of Long Beach, California. Two untreated slicks served as controls; three were sprayed with a self-mix dispersant from a DC–4 aircraft; three were sprayed with the same dispersant from a boat; and one was sprayed with a second dispersant from a boat. Movies and still photographs were taken from the air, and from under the aerially treated slicks. Over 900 water samples were collected from under the slicks. These samples were analyzed for total oil and for loss of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. Aerial and underwater photography showed marked color changes for the better dispersed slicks. Chemical analysis showed 45 to 80 percent of the oil was dispersed by aerial treatment. Treating the “lens” of thicker oil by boat dispersed 60 percent of the oil, while treating the entire slick uniformly dispersed from 5 to 10 percent. The two tested dispersants varied in their effectiveness, confirming prior laboratory tests. Under the best-dispersed slicks, the highest oil concentrations were 20 to 40 parts per million at 1 meter, observed 10 to 15 minutes after treatment. Other high oil concentrations were from 10 to 15 ppm at 1, 3, and 6 m; and 1 to 3 ppm at 9 meters, 1 hour after treatment; thereafter concentrations decreased. Dispersed oil very rapidly lost volatile hydrocarbons (C1 to C10). Less than 1 percent of the oil dispersed naturally under the untreated slicks.

THE 1979 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DISPERSANT TREATED RESEARCH OIL SPILLS