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In the previous papers, it was shown that the ability of diphtheria bacilli to develop infection at the mucous membrane varied greatly depending on the strain used and this characteristic was independent not only of the in vitro toxigenicity but also of the in vivo toxigenicity (Murata et al., 1959; Akama et al., 1961). Then arose the question of whether the antitoxic immunity alone would be enough to protect the individuals from the infection due to virulent diphtheria bacilli or some other factors would be necessary for complete protection . In connection with this problem, O'Meara (1940) stated that antitoxin containing antibody to B substance produced by gravis strains was more effective for the protection of diphtheria . The report of Ipsen (1946) showed that individuals who showed fairly high antitoxin titers in their sera were also affected by the disease. In regard to the active immunization , Frobisher and his colleagues (1943, 1947) reported that rabbits immunized with living nontoxigenic diphtheria bacilli developed significant resistance to the subsequent challenge of the toxigenic strain. However, they did not measure the antitoxin titer less than 0.01 unit per cc, whereas such a low level of antitoxin as 0.003 unit per cc might influence the resistance of the immunized animal. Nor did they refer to the latent state of antitoxic immunity which seems very important in the discussion of infection . Since then many other investigators (Scheibel, 1950; Bowen et al., 1954; Lautrop , 1955) reported on the role of antibacterial immunity in experimental diphtheria. In these cases as well as in the experiments by Frobisher et at., however , the challenge was carried out by the cutaneous infection by the living bacilli which seemed, to the present authors, to be greatly different from the infection via the mucous membrane . The authors have tried to analyse the mechanisms of the immunity in diphtheria by the challenge method simulating to the natural infection where the conjunctiva was used as the site of infection . Evidences were obtained that both the antitoxic (passive and active) and antibacterial (active) immunity were effective in the prevention of the infection by diphtheria bacilli at the conjunctiva of guinea pigs .

VIRULENCE AND IMMUNITY OF CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE II. EVIDENCE OF THE DIFFERENT MECHANISMS IN THE PROTECTION OF THE CONJUNCTIVAL DIPHTHERIA