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The first characteristic identified in surface-linked liposomal antigens was the ability to induce antigen-specific, IgE-selective unresponsiveness. These results remained consistent even when different coupling procedures were employed for antigens with liposomes or for liposomes with different lipid components. The potential usefulness of surface-linked liposomal antigens for application to vaccine development was further investigated. During this investigation, a significant difference was observed in the recognition of liposomal antigens by antigen-presenting cells between liposomes with different lipid components, and this difference correlated closely with the adjuvant activity of liposomes. In addition to this "quantitative" difference between liposomes with differential lipid components, a "qualitative" difference (i.e., a differential ability to induce cross-presentation) was observed between liposomes with different lipid components. Therefore, by utilizing the ability to induce cross-presentation, surface-linked liposomal antigens might be used to develop virus vaccines that would induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. We have successfully developed a liposome vaccine that is capable of inducing CTL responses against internal antigens of influenza viruses and thus removing virus-infected cells in the host. This CTL-based liposomal vaccine might be applicable to the development of vaccines against influenza and other viruses that frequently undergo changes in their surface antigenic molecules.

Application of Surface-Linked Liposomal Antigens to the Development of Vaccines That Induce Both Humoral and Cellular Immunity