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The question of effective enforcement of consumer r ights has been widely discussed for many years in the European Union. The models of con sumer protection significantly vary in the individual Member States. Typically, consumers can claim their rights both at an individual and collective level. The systems of enforce ment of consumer protection are either public, private or mixed, where both types of enfor cement function in a parallel way. The goal of the paper is to discuss the issue of various leg al mechanisms that function in the Member States, serving the consumers as a means of collect ive redress. The main analysis focuses on the legal solutions adopted in Belgium (first par t of the paper), UK and the Netherlands (second part of the paper). In particular, the auth or presents the complementary character of the public and private mechanisms used to enforce t he consumer rights. The paper utilises dogmatic and analytical methods for the process of interpretation of the normative material and for the analysis of case law. The study uses th e comparative perspective to identify solutions emerging from effective practices found in le gal systems of the Member States. The paper proposes several legal solutions to adopt in the Polish law. The findings emerging from the analysis show that both competent consumer orga nisations commencing group proceedings and experienced judges who choose between opti and opt-out systems are vital in the process of effective enforcement of consumer rights . The conclusions from the study are useful in mapping out the legislative process and the analysis discussed in the paper may be extended to legal systems of other Member States.

CONSUMER PROTECTION IN PRACTICE - TRANSNATIONAL COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF COLLECTIVE REDRESS MECHANISMS