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The keyhole behaviour and bubble formation were investigated in the full penetration laser welding of 11 and 15 mm thick plate with various kinds of atmosphere at the bottom side. Prevention of some defects was also attempted. Back surface atmosphere was controlled using a shielding box fixed on the sample back surface to avoid contamination from the air and also the effect of gas flow on the keyhole behaviour. A lot of bubbles were formed during welding with the back surface atmosphere of nitrogen and air. This was deduced to be caused by supersaturation of nitrogen, which was dissolved from the backside molten pool. The critical nitrogen concentration in the weld metal to form the porosity was independent of the back surface atmosphere. Oxygen enhanced the porosity formation, since the nitrogen concentration increased in the presence of oxygen. The keyhole was significantly perturbed and hot cracking occurred in the inert gas back shielding. It was shown that the keyhole stability determined by solubility of the shielding gas in the molten steel. Aluminum coating on the sample back surface was effective in preventing the porosity due to denitrification of the molten pool and hot cracking.

Effect of Welding Atmosphere at Bottom Surface on Welding Phenomenan in Full Penetration Laser Welding of Thick Plate