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Human exploitation can lead to genetic bottlenecks associated with reduced genetic variability and lower fitness. The population of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in the Gulf of California, Mexico, was hunted during the 19th and 20th centuries, potentially leading to a genetic bottleneck; however, even exploitation that leads to low population sizes does not always cause genetic bottlenecks. Understanding the genetic consequences of past sea lion hunts is critical to the conservation of the Gulf of California sea lion population, which is currently declining and is genetically distinct from other populations. We used available data from 10 amplified polymorphic microsatellite loci in 355 individuals from six Mexican colonies. Microsatellite data were analyzed using diverse approaches (BOTTLENECK and M-ratio) to determine if a genetic bottleneck had occurred. Our results indicate that human exploitation did not cause a genetic bottleneck in the sea lion population of the Gulf of California. Simulation analyses revealed that a reduction in genetic variability would have been detected if fewer than 100 individuals had remained after exploitation. We conclude that past exploitation was not as severe as previously thought and did not cause a genetic bottleneck in the Gulf of California sea lion population. Nevertheless, historical hunts specifically targeted adult males and this sexbiased exploitation may have influenced the population dynamics and overall fitness. Key words: genetic variability, male-biased exploitation, Pinnipedia, Gulf of California.   La explotacion humana puede causar cuellos de botella geneticos asociados con una variabilidad genetica reducida y menor aptitud. La poblacion del lobo marino de California (Zalophus californianus) en el Golfo de California, Mexico, fue objeto de una explotacion prolongada durante los siglos XIX y XX que pudo haber causado un cuello de botella genetico. Sin embargo, la explotacion que deriva tamanos poblacionales bajos no siempre causa cuellos de botella geneticos. El conocimiento de las consecuencias geneticas de la caza del lobo marino de California es critico para la conservacion de la poblacion del Golfo de California, que esta en declive y es geneticamente distinta de otras poblaciones. En este estudio usamos una base de datos de 10 marcadores polimorficos de microsatelite amplificados en 355 individuos pertenecientes a seis colonias mexicanas. Estos datos fueron analizados con diversos metodos (BOTTLENECK y razon M) para determinar si ocurrio un cuello de botella genetico. Nuestros resultados indican que la explotacion historica del lobo marino no causo un cuello de botella genetico en la poblacion del Golfo de California; sin embargo, las simulaciones sugieren que si la poblacion hubiese sido reducida a menos de 100 individuos si hubiesemos detectado una reduccion de la variabilidad genetica. Con base en estos resultados concluimos que la explotacion historica de esta poblacion no fue tan intensa como se pensaba previamente y, por tanto, no causo un cuello de botella genetico. No obstante, la explotacion se concentro en machos adultos y este sesgo podria haber afectado la dinamica poblacional de estas colonias y su aptitud general.

Past exploitation of California sea lions did not lead to a genetic bottleneck in the Gulf of California