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In her article "Rewriting Space in Ruiz de Burton's Who Would Have Thought It?" Bernadine M. Hernandez analyses María Amparo Ruiz de Burton's text in the context of Mexican American and US-American literary history. In her novel published in 1872, Ruiz de Burton creates a space of racial and class difference that is a direct response to Mexicano displacement after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848. She develops three distinct spaces within her novel that complicates the space Americans felt they had power over. These three spaces are the "savage" Indian space, the uncivilized-U.S. citizen space, and the genteel-citizen space. She uses the language that displaced her to reconstruct her own genteel space within the terms "savage" and "citizen." Ruiz de Burton had a direct impact on recreating the Mexicano presence in the United States, and not only does she transmit a history of displacement and dispossession onto a literary document, she embellishes in the Mexicano presence and critiques the legacy of the United States government and their workings. Ruiz de Burton acts as a mediator between the Mexicanos and the Anglo-Americans to generate a literary, linguistic and physical space while actually rewriting her history where Mexicanos fit into an American history. The literary characters that she creates in Who Would Have Thought It? create spaces within dominant society for the Mexicano presence to flourish. Bernadine M. Hernandez, "Rewriting Space in Ruiz de Burton's Who Would Have Thought It?" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.2 (2009):  Bernadine M. HERNANDEZ Rewriting Space in Ruiz de Burton's Who Would Have Thought It? Defining space is relatively easy. According to the Oxford English Dictionary space is a "certain stretch, extent, or area of ground ... and expanse," or as "the place where one takes up a position, a residence" (1372). Or, Henri Lefebvre maintains in his The Production of Space that space is simply that of an empty area. These definitions suggests that space is something stagnant or inert; something that is waiting to be occupied. What the Oxford English Dictionary does not define for readers is "occupied space." If space is always waiting to be occupied, what is the definition of space when it is already occupied? Before 1848, "occupied space" could be defined as a place where Mexicanos were living. While the definition suggests something inert, pre-1848 space was productive, producing, and produced. Before the United States conquered southwest territory in 1848, Mexicano space represented life and growth; however, this was essentially ignored by Anglo-Americans who wanted the occupied land. After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848, the place where Mexicanos lived became contested space and land of these subjects were penetrated, conquered, and colonized without the hope of regaining power or agency over land, status, or area. This newly deemed "opened" space was reconstructed via a literary legal document written to benefit Anglo Americans and displace Mexicanos. While many Mexicanos were being displaced from their land, Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, who was writing during this dispossession, develops three distinct spaces within her novel Who Would Have Thought It? written in 1872 that complicates the space Americans felt they had power over; the "savage" Indian space, the uncivilized-U.S. citizen space, and the genteel-citizen space. She uses the language that displaced her to reconstruct her own genteel space within the terms "savage" and "citizen" that came from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Ruiz de Burton creates a space of racial and class difference that places Mexico and the Mexicano within and simultaneously against the United States. On 2 February 1848 the Treaty was signed in Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city north of Mexico City where the Mexican government had fled as U.S. troops advanced. Its provisions called for Mexico to cede 55% of its territory, including present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah, in exchange for fifteen million dollars in compensation for warrelated damage to Mexican property. As Richard Griswold del Castillo states, "The Mexican War (1846-1848) and the treaty that ended it were undertaken against the backdrop of Manifest Destiny, the body of ideas and sentiments by which English speaking Americans justified territorial expansion into lands held, occupied, or claimed by Mexicans and Indians" (4). As Griswold del Castillo continues, he claims that this idea of expansion would have great repercussions because it was immoral to "buy" the land of a defeated nation. The United States government did not acknowledge the fact that they were stealing land from their neighbor and annexed northern Mexico into the United States. Although the U.S government did not acknowledge the backdrop of Manifest Destiny written into the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the document is packed with convincing rhetoric that promises to protect Mexicanos. Article V's provision stipulated the Texas border at the Rio Grande, while the most commonly noted articles when examining Mexicano protection are articles VIII, IX, and X, which call for the protection of property and civil rights of Mexicanos living within the new United States border. These three articles affected more than 100,000 Mexicanos. Article VIII states that Mexicanos had one year to "elect" to become a citizen or not and absentee landholders would have their "property inviolably respected" and others land would "be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property (Griswold del Castillo 190). The article did not protect Mexicanos and their land. Article IX states that Mexicanos would be granted full U.S citizenship and their property, lifestyles, and religion would be protected at all times. This provision did exactly the opposite of what it promised to do. This provision linguistically calls for the protection of Mexicanos, yet it historically does something completely different. The provision actually did not protect Mexicanos and their property because without written legal documentation, which most Mexicanos did not have, their property was taken over by the U.S. government and they were sitting on "open" space. Thousands of California gold-rush migrants violated the treaty by squatting on land they did not own. Bernadine M. Hernandez, "Rewriting Space in Ruiz de Burton's Who Would Have Thought It?" page 3 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.2 (2009):  The Land Act of 1851 blurred the lines of property ownership and occupied land that was deemed "open" space. By claiming Mexico's sovereignty over the land because of the treaty, many Mexicanos begin fighting for their land. Because of litigation and legal fess, many Mexicanos were displaced from their land. The provisions not only displaced people, but it completely erased an occupied place. Furthermore, when the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty in March, it deleted Article X which guaranteed the protection of Mexican land grants. As Griswold Del Castillo states, "In the end the U.S. application of the treaty to the realities of life in the Southwest violated its spirits" (63). Article XI promised to protect the Mexicanos, who were named U.S. citizens after annexation, from Indian tribes. Through the linguistic legalese of the Treaty, the priority of Mexicano space became obsolete. The 1848 annexation of former Mexican territory as a result of the Mexican American War is the moment when the general oppression of Mexicanos became apparent. This displacement and dispossession dates far before 1848, yet the direct dispossession of Mexicano subjects became de jure with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. While taking this historical time period into consideration, one must also look at the direct displacement of Mexicano subjects and consider the transformation of space. As Lefebvre explains in The Production of Space, "Since in spatial practice, the reproduction of social relations is predominant," Mexicanos were thrust into US-American space, for the most part without ever leaving their previous native places (50). Space becomes a foundation for the process that shapes communication and is not just a backdrop for buildings, people, and transportation. Lefebvre maintains that space is always active in social relations and through these social relations, it constructs how places are defined and identified. The Mexicanos were left to construct their own idea of space after they were dispossessed from their land. The political language of the Treaty and the social relations that took place forced space to be reconstructed. Raul Homero Villa notes in Barrio-Logos: Space and Place in Urban Chicano Literature and Culture, "The consequences of deterritorialization for Mexicans in the newly annexed territories literally put them in their designated place within the emergent social space of Anglo American capitalism" (2). Deterritorialization literally means to take over the land or a place (territory) that is already established. It is to undo what already existed. For the Mexicanos that were living in Mexico's far northern territory in 1848, spatial consciousness meant little to Anglo America and as long as the Treaty linguistically stated that Native subjects would be safe, fulfilling those requirements went no further than the written word. Ruiz de Burton utilizes the written word that displaced her in the first place as a powerful tool in reconstructing the places and area she writes about. Language is a calling into being and whether it is used to displace people via a Treaty or regain a certain space or consciousness via literature, language is the precursor to a historical process that claimed agency and ownership over space which was already occupied by Mexicanos. Language is the defining moment of action, and through language, space and pl