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Next budget and next election; dominant time spans in politics From the early nineteenth century onwards, the dominant political view of time was one of continuous ‘progress’ with the state at the centre of change (Ekengren 1998:30). This linear conception of time is, however, just one possible view. Political time can also be seen as (series of) distinct events or as connected points that have special meaning or importance. One can furthermore view political time as cyclical, with events recurring in a predictable fashion. The budgetary process is a prime example. Governments set strict timetables that bind the procedure step by step, and the organisation level by level, in a predetermined, annually repeated cycle (see Brunsson 1995:12 ff., 182 f.). Elections are crucial political events reoccurring at predetermined intervals. They determine the views and uses of time among political representatives. Elected representatives then have two to five years before they face the verdict of the electorate at the next election. A major motivation for their actions and standpoints thus is how these influence the chances to become re-elected. Consequently, the immediate questions of here and now tend to take precedence over longer-term issues. The timing of a political initiative is often a strategic consideration by politicians bent on political gains (Edelman 1988). In combination with the constant pressure from the media, such strategic considerations may lead to extremely short term political horizons. There are, however, also other conceptions of political time. 2579Ch3 12/8/03 11:47 AM Page 54

Up or down with the ecology cycle? Strategies for temporally rational ecological governance