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Published trials of intrapleural therapy for complex pleural effusions rely on fibrinolytics and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) with dwell times of less than six hours and frequent dosing. We reviewed our experience with fibrinolytics alone but with a longer dwell time (12 hours).  Methods  Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, 1-6 mg per dose) was given through pigtail catheters placed using image guidance. Planned treatment was for a dwell time of 12 hours with repeat dosing daily for three days or until drainage was less than 100 cc or grossly bloody. Chest x-ray and/or computed tomography (CT) were used to determine completeness of pleural drainage.  Results  Forty-six patients presenting with 47 complex pleural effusions were given 131 doses of tPA. Doses of 4, 5, and 6 mg were most common (n=17, 70, and 33, respectively). Dwell time ranged from five to 14 hours with 12 hours being most common (n=115). Additional chest tubes were placed in 18 effusions. Ten effusions (21%) required decortication: seven for trapped lung and three for incomplete drainage. Drainage was considered complete in 33/40 (82.5%) effusions without trapped lung. Median chest tube duration was seven days (range three to 28 days). tPA therapy was discontinued in two patients for bleeding, but neither experienced hemodynamic instability.  Conclusions  tPA with a 12-hour dwell time is effective and safe for management of complex pleural effusions, although chest tube duration was prolonged. tPA alone is less expensive and easier than when combined with DNase, and this strategy warrants a prospective evaluation.

Extended Dwell Time Improves Results of Fibrinolytic Therapy for Complex Pleural Effusions