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The cancer stem cell vascular niche is a physical and biological unit composed of a conglomerate of innate cancer stem cells and progenitor cells that are recruited into this dynamic and highly complex milieu. Collectively they modify the extracellular matrix and form a permissible microenvironment to facilitate the renewal, proliferation, invasion, and differentiation of the cancer stem cells, and those of the auxiliary cells. The angioarchitecture within the tumor is grossly abnormal as these vessels are of varying caliber and arborization. These abnormal tumor vessels can be generated from endothelial progenitor, hematopoietic, monocytic and mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow (BM). Recent studies have observed that tumor endothelium is also derived from cancer stem cells transforming our understanding of the intimate relationship between cancer stem cells and vascular niche. Given these observations, it is conceivable that mutation at the level of vasculature may translate to an abnormal vascular niche discharging unregulated stem cell signals and thus propel aberrant cancer stem cells to achieve their lethal malignant potential. In this review we summarize the cellular and molecular components of stem cell vascular niche with a special emphasis on brain tumors.

The stem cell vascular niche in brain tumorigenesis