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Calcium (Ca +2 ) is a divalent cation that plays a critical role in numerous body functions such as skeletal mineralization, signal transduction, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and blood coagulation. Ca +2  metabolism is linked to magnesium (Mg +2 ) and phosphate metabolism. Ca +2  homeostasis is dependent on intestinal absorption, bone turnover, and renal reabsorption. The hormonal regulators of these processes are the parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol {1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D]}, and serum ionized Ca +2 . Cloning of the Ca +2 -sensing receptor (CaSR) has greatly advanced the understanding of Ca +2  metabolism. Disorders of Ca +2  metabolism are easily recognized because Ca +2  is included in routine chemistry panels. Measurement of ionized Ca +2  is the preferred way to ascertain the diagnosis of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia.

Disorders of Calcium Metabolism: Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia