English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The views and opinions expressed or implied in this article are those of the author (or authors) and do not necessarily reflect the position of the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Abstract—The aim of this study was to make ultrasound observations of 2 captive reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi), thereby collecting the first known data regarding the embryonic development of reef manta rays throughout almost the entire gestation period. The gestation period and water temperature at parturition were ~1 year and ~27°C, both of which are consistent with observations of wild individuals. On the basis of embryonic features observed through ultrasound, 3 developmental stages were recognized: early (0–80 d after copulation), middle (80–150 d after copulation), and late (150–360 d after copulation). The middle stage was distinguished from the early stage by the presence of large, wingshaped pectoral fins, cephalic lobes, and buccal pumping, whereas the late stage was distinguished from the middle stage by the overlapping of the right and left pectoral fins and cessation of motion of the entire body in utero. These criteria will be useful for determining the gestation stages of wild reef manta rays.

The power of ultrasound: observation of nearly the entire gestation and embryonic developmental process of captive reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi)