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Using an isogeometric approach, a continuum-based shape design optimization method is developed for steady state power flow problems at high frequencies. In case the isogeometric method is employed to the shape design optimization, the NURBS basis functions used in CAD geometric modeling are directly utilized to embed the exact geometry into the computational framework so that the design parameterization for shape optimization is much easier than that in the finite element method and consequently provides the enhanced smoothness of design perturbations. Thus, exact geometric models can be used in both the response and the shape sensitivity analyses, where normal vector and curvature are continuous over the whole design space so that enhanced shape sensitivity can be expected. Through numerical examples, the developed isogeometric sensitivity is compared with finite difference one to provide excellent agreement. Also, it turns out that the proposed method works very well in the shape optimization problems.

Isogeometric Shape Design Optimization of Power Flow Problems at High Frequencies