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This article intends to clarify the obstetric, medical-psychological and ethnological credibility of a well-known essay in structural anthropology. Claude Levi-Strauss claims that it is possible to heal a person with an acute, life-threatening, physical, medical condition, in this case a complicated delivery, with purely psychological or magical methods. His reasoning is based on an incomplete source as well as on a grave anatomical misunderstanding. An obstetric analysis of the complete source furthermore shows that the medicine man or shaman uses a combination of a manual intervention, drug treatment and psychological influence. Levi-Strauss' claim must therefore be refuted. The empirical basis is also insufficient for Levi-Strauss' far-reaching conclusions on the topography of the human mind, the function of the subconscious and the comparison between psychoanalysis and shamanism The medicine man is described by Levi-Strauss as a "noble savage". However, Levi-Strauss also points out the importance of the psychological support of the patient in a valuable way.

Shaman, Psychoanalyst or Obstetrician: A Critical Reading of Claude Lévi-Strauss’ Essay “The Efficiency of Symbols”