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Two significant hydrocarbon spills have occurred in U.S. waters to date; the Exxon Valdez spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska and the Deepwater Horizon blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. A review of the lessons learned and outcomes from these two deleterious events, in markedly differing geographic settings, offer unique insights into oil spill prevention and impacts to the  in situ  natural system. The differences between the two spills highlight the important role geographic setting plays on the severity of impacts and recovery of the local and regional ecosystem and economy. The lessons learned from both of these spills also offer key information to support science-based decision-making for future spill prevention for a range of stakeholders. This paper reviews the environmental and economic impacts observed to highlight major differences between the two spills. Understanding how these trends and patterns affect impact severity as well as knowledge and technology needs for each system provides critical information for research, managers, and decision makers especially as extreme offshore drilling increases in both the ultra-deepwater Gulf of Mexico and the offshore Arctic regions of the U.S.

journal of sustainable energy engineering

Assessment of Geographic Setting on Oil Spill Impact Severity in the United States –  Insights from Two Key Spill Events in Support of Risk Assessment for Science-Based Decision Making