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Theory of doped Mott insulators is revisited in the light of recentunderstanding on the singular self-energy structure of the single-particleGreen's function. The unique pole structure in the self-energy induces thehigh-temperature superconductivity in the anomalous part, while it generatesMott gap and pseudogap in the normal part. Here, we elucidate thatfractionalization of electrons, which is exactly hold in the Mott insulator inthe atomic limit, more generally produces the emergent Mott-gap fermion anddark (hidden) fermions. It does not require any spontaneous symmetry breaking.The two gaps are the consequences of the hybridization of these two fermionswith quasiparticles. We further propose that the Mott-gap fermion and darkfermions are the fermionic component of Frenkel- and Wannier-type excitons,respectively, which coexist in the doped Mott insulator. The Bose-Einsteincondensation of the Frenkel-type excitons allowed without spontaneous symmetrybreaking holds a key for understanding the unique pole structure and thepseudogap through the instantaneous hybridization between the fractionalizedquasiparticle and the dark fermion in analogy with the Mott gap. We argue thatthe high-$T_{\rm c}$ superconductivity is ascribed to the dipole attraction ofthe Wannier-type excitons. The gap formation mechanism is compared with thatcaused by conventional spontaneous symmetry breaking known over condensedmatter and elementary particle physics including quantum chromodynamics. Wepropose a theoretical framework and discuss experimental tests to analyze thisidea and concept.

journal of the physical society of japan

Excitons and Dark Fermions as Origins of Mott Gap, Pseudogap and  Superconductivity in Cuprate Superconductors --- General Idea and Basic  Concept Based on Gap Physics