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We provide classification of gapless phases in non-Hermitian systemsaccording to two types of complex-energy gaps: point gap and line gap. We showthat exceptional points, at which not only eigenenergies but also eigenstatescoalesce, are characterized by gap closing of point gaps with nontrivialtopological charges. Moreover, we find that bulk Fermi arcs accompanyingexceptional points are robust because of topological charges for real linegaps. On the basis of the classification, some examples are also discussed.

Topological Classificaton of Non-Hermitian Gapless Phases: Exceptional Points and Bulk Fermi Arcs