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Axel Kristinsson, an independent historian, has published work on Icelandic history as well as international or comparative history, in both Icelandic and English. As a self-confessed macro-historian, inspired by evolutionary theory and complexity theory, his approach is analytical rather than empirical or descriptive, as witnessed by his most ambitious work, Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe since the Bronze Age (Reykjavík: Reykjavíkur Akademían, 2010). In his recent book, written in Icelandic on Icelandic history, he sets out to debunk the established view that protracted economic decline characterized the period from the fourteenth century (or earlier) until around 1800. As Kristinsson points out, this view gives the history of Iceland an appealing narrative structure, like any good story where trials and tribulations separate blissful beginnings from the happy ending. And by blaming foreign rule for the decline it served the purpose of Iceland’s independence movement. While the nationalistic interpretation may linger in popular history, in academic history the decline is no longer explained by political factors but natural ones: colder climate (the Little Ice Age) and land degradation, hastened by over-exploitation. What remains of the political interpretation is the blame for a delayed recovery, pinned

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Axel Kristinsson, Hnignun, hvaða hnignun? Goðsögnin um niðurlægingartímabilið í sögu Íslands [Decline, What Decline? The Myth of the Depressed Era in the History of Iceland]. (Reykjavík: Sögufélag 2018). 280 pp.