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Urea and creatinine concentrations i n serum are c o m m o n l y measured as indicators of renal funct ion in clinical settings and as indices of nutr it ional status i n w i l d ruminant populations. Creatinine is produced during muscle catabolism and blood levels are generally proport iona l to an animal 's muscle mass, whi le urea is the end product of nitrogen metabolism and more closely reflects protein intake (Saltz and W h i t e 1991). U r i n a r y creatinine can be used as an index of concentration when comparing urine samples because it is freely filtered at the glomerulus and excretion is relatively constant. Ser u m levels of urea and creatinine i n captive muksoxen appear to be higher than those reported for domestic ruminants (International Species Inventory System), suggesting that muskoxen may have an unusal capacity to recycle and/or store nitrogen. This study was undertaken to investigate these metabolites further i n relation to renal function and diet in muskoxen. Seasonal serum and urinary levels of urea and creatinine were measured i n 9 captive muskoxen (mature females and castrated males) on a relatively constant diet during 1990-91 and i n w i l d muskoxen (males and females, 2+ years of age) f rom V i c t o r i a Island, Canada, during 1989-91. N i t r o g e n levels i n dried rumen contents were used as an index of seasonal protein intake i n w i l d muskoxen. Glomerular f i ltration rate ( G F R ) was also measured i n 2 captive muskoxen i n June 1991. Captive muskoxen housed outdoors near Saskatoon were fed a standard brome grass hay of approximately 11 % protein and a pelleted supplement throughout sampling periods (Adamczewski et al. 1991). Animal s were weighed every 2 weeks and subjected to health examinations monthly . Data f rom 3 animals were excluded f rom this study due to illness. B l o o d samples were drawn through jugular catheters and free-catch urine samples were collected opportunistically the same day. T w o mature females were given single intravenous injections of i n u l i n (25 mg/kg) and para-amino hippuric acid ( P A H ) (12 mg/kg) after w h i c h b lood samples were taken over 5 hours. Calculated clearance rates of i n u l i n and P A H represented G F R and effective renal plasma f low ( E R P F ) , respectively (Brewer et al. 1988). W i l d muskoxen were bled immediately after being shot and urine was collected several hours later cystocentesis. Carcass and kidney (parenchymal) weights were obtained. Grab-samples

Seasonal effects of diet on serum and urinary nitrogen in muskoxen