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Serological investigations o n different cervidae have indicated the presence of several viruses c o m m o n i n domestic ruminants (Thorsen et al, 1977; L a w m a n et al., 1978; Elazhary et al, 1981; Dieter ich, 1981, K o c a n et al, 1986, D i a z et al., 1988, K o k l e s et al, 1988, Liebermann et al, 1989). In addition viruses k n o w n to be present i n domestic ruminants or related w i t h such have been isolated f r o m cervidae (Romvary, 1965; Net t le ton et al, 1980; Boros et al, 1985; Net t le ton et al, 1986; R o c k b o r n et al, 1990). Pathological lesions have o n l y at few instances been connected w i t h the isolation of a virus (Romvary, 1965; D i a z et al, 1988; Weber et al, 1982; R o c k b o r n et al, 1990) although mucosal disease l ike and other lesions have been reported (Richards et al, 1956; Feinstein et al, 1987, D i a z , 1988; Steen et al, 1989). In the present study a serological retrospective investigation was carried out i n semidomesticated reindeer on five different viruses. Serum samples were obtained f r o m t w o woodland (Vastra Kikk i j aure and Angesa) and t w o mountain herds (Tannas and umbyn) . The samples emanated f r o m the years 73, -74, -75, -77 and -82. Altogether 50 randomly selected cl inical ly healthy animals were tested (Table 1). The animals f r o m Tannas were kept at the N a t i o n a l Veterinary Institute, S tockholm, close to domestic ruminants. Investigations were performed by screening for antibodies against parainf l u e n z a l virus (PI-3), bovine herpesvirus type 1 ( B H V 1 ) w h i c h cross-reacts w i t h reindeer herpes isolates ( R o c k b o r n et al, 1990), bovine vira l d i arrhoea virus ( B V D V ) and mammalian reovirus types 1 ans 2. A n t i b o d y screening was performed b y using the standard E L I S A tests of our institute. A n t i b o d y titres against PI-3 were found i n all herds and i n more than half of the investigated animals (54 %). Titers against B H V 1 were fou n d i n 14 animals (28 %) f r o m three herds and against B V D V i n three animals (6 %) f r o m t w o herds (Table 1). A l l animals were seronegative against the t w o reoviruses. The results obtained were in accordance w i t h earlier reports (Elazhary, 1981; Dieter ich , 1981; Rehbinder et al, 1985). The keeping of reindeer close to domestic ruminants seems not to have affected the results). Ant ibodies against reovirus types 1 and 2 were not found i n this study but have been reported f r o m fa l low deer (Dama dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and sika deer {Cervus nippon) (Lawman et al, 1978). It seems evident that reindeer, as wel l as other deer, may be exposed to and infected w i t h viruses w i t h o u t showing signs of cl inical diseases (Thorsen et al, 1977; R o c k b o r n et al, 1990) but under certain circumstances at least some of these viruses may produce disease or

A serological, retrospective study in reindeer on five different viruses