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Lichens, one of the most important types of plant eaten by reindeer in winter , contain different polysaccarides compared to those of vascular plants. W e investigated the ruminal bacterial populat ion w h i c h is responsible for l i chen fermentation and also microbia l response to starvation. R u m i n a l V F A consentrations, p H , dry matter content, rumen v o l u m and fluid passage time were further examined in four ad l ib . fed and starved rumen fistulated reindeer. The bacterial populat ion per m l rumen fluid was 33.98 ± 9.98 x 10» when the animals were fed l ichen. Rods and coccies occurred i n the same propor t ion . The bacterial flora decreased by 99.7 % to 0.1 ± 0.08 x 108 p e r m l rumen f luid, after 96 hours starvation. Rods dominated in the bacterial populat ion of starved animals. Adherent bacteria in the small intestine of reindeer Wenche Sormo and Svein Disch Mathiesen. Dept. of Arctic Biology and Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, Box 635, N-9000 Tromso. Summary: The mammalian small intestine normal ly contains a diverse microf lora . The lactic acid bacteria w h i c h adhere to the intestinal epithel ium are thought to protect it against pathogenic bacteria. H o w e v e r , the role of bacteria i n the small intestine of reindeer is not k n o w n . W e investigated the microf lora in the intestines of 5 reindeer fed lichens and i n one reindeer i n w h i c h diarrhoea had been induced artificially by feeding concentrates. Samples of epithel ium were collected at three different sites and the p H and abundance and species composi t ion of viable bacteria at these sites was measured. Bacterial populations, expressed as the mean number of bacteria per gram wet weight of epitheliu m , varied considerably between animals fed l i chens as follows (range of means ± SD): duodenum, 0.09 ± 0.02 x 10 4 to 33.30 ± 5.30 x 10 4 ; je junum, 0.13 ± 0.01 x 10 4 to 1.00 ± 0.81 x 4 ; i leum, 0.23 ± 0.05 x 10 4 to 2.53 ± 1.00 x 10 4. C o c c i occurred more frequently than rods at all three sites in all five animals. Bacteria were more abundant i n the reindeer w i t h diarrhoea: duodenum, 64.90 ± 10.40 x 10 4 ; je junum, 13.50 ± 1.60 x 10 4 ; i leum, 42.90 ± 5.70 x 10 4 . Mos t bacteria in this animal were rod shaped. Rangifer, Special Issue No . 4,1990 13