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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors attach nearly 150 proteins to the cell membrane. Patients with pathogenic variants in GPI biosynthesis genes develop diverse phenotypes including seizures, dysmorphic facial features and cleft palate through an unknown mechanism. We identified a novel mouse mutant ( cleft lip/palate, edema and exencephaly; Clpex)  with a hypo-morphic mutation in  Post-Glycophosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins-2 (Pgap2) , a component of the GPI biosynthesis pathway. The  Clpex  mutation decreases surface GPI expression. Surprisingly,  Pgap2  showed tissue-specific expression with enrichment in the brain and face. We found the  Clpex  phenotype is due to apoptosis of neural crest cells (NCCs) and the cranial neuroepithelium. We showed folinic acid supplementation  in utero  can partially rescue the cleft lip phenotype. Finally, we generated a novel mouse model of NCC-specific total GPI deficiency. These mutants developed median cleft lip and palate demonstrating a previously undocumented cell autonomous role for GPI biosynthesis in NCC development.

elife

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis and remodeling are required for neural tube closure, heart development, and cranial neural crest cell survival