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The evolutionary increase in size and complexity of the primate neocortex is thought to underlie the higher cognitive abilities of humans.  ARHGAP11B  is a human-specific gene that, based on its expression pattern in fetal human neocortex and progenitor effects in embryonic mouse neocortex, has been proposed to have a key function in the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. Here, we study the effects of  ARHGAP11B  expression in the developing neocortex of the gyrencephalic ferret. In contrast to its effects in mouse,  ARHGAP11B  markedly increases proliferative basal radial glia, a progenitor cell type thought to be instrumental for neocortical expansion, and results in extension of the neurogenic period and an increase in upper-layer neurons. Consequently, the postnatal ferret neocortex exhibits increased neuron density in the upper cortical layers and expands in both the radial and tangential dimensions. Thus, human-specific  ARHGAP11B  can elicit hallmarks of neocortical expansion in the developing ferret neocortex.

Human-specific ARHGAP11B induces hallmarks of neocortical expansion in developing ferret neocortex