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Evolutionary innovations that enable organisms to colonize new ecological niches are rare compared to gradual evolutionary changes in existing traits. We discovered that key mutations in the  gltA  gene, which encodes citrate synthase (CS), occurred both before and after  Escherichia coli  gained the ability to grow aerobically on citrate (Cit +  phenotype) during the Lenski long-term evolution experiment. The first  gltA  mutation, which increases CS activity by disrupting NADH-inhibition of this enzyme, is beneficial for growth on the acetate and contributed to preserving the rudimentary Cit +  trait from extinction when it first evolved. However, after Cit +  was refined by further mutations, this potentiating  gltA  mutation became deleterious to fitness. A second wave of beneficial  gltA  mutations then evolved that reduced CS activity to below the ancestral level. Thus, dynamic reorganization of central metabolism made colonizing this new nutrient niche contingent on both co-opting and overcoming a history of prior adaptation.

Fine-tuning citrate synthase flux potentiates and refines metabolic innovation in the Lenski evolution experiment