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Songbirds use auditory feedback to learn and maintain their songs, but how feedback interacts with vocal motor circuitry remains unclear. A potential site for this interaction is the song premotor nucleus HVC, which receives auditory input and contains neurons (HVC X  cells) that innervate an anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) important to feedback-dependent vocal plasticity. Although the singing-related output of HVC X  cells is unaltered by distorted auditory feedback (DAF), deafening gradually weakens synapses on HVC X  cells, raising the possibility that they integrate feedback only at subthreshold levels during singing. Using intracellular recordings in singing zebra finches, we found that DAF failed to perturb singing-related synaptic activity of HVC X  cells, although many of these cells responded to auditory stimuli in non-singing states. Moreover, in vivo multiphoton imaging revealed that deafening-induced changes to HVC X  synapses require intact AFP output. These findings support a model in which the AFP accesses feedback independent of HVC.

Auditory synapses to song premotor neurons are gated off during vocalization in zebra finches