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Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels have been considered a family of prime candidate structural materials for fusion reactors, due to low radioactivity and good resistance to irradiation swelling. Various types of defects such as dislocation loops could form in these materials during irradiation. Effects of alloying elements in iron on the formation and migration of dislocation loops have been widely reported. However, most studies dealt with interstitial-type dislocation loops in iron alloys, while very few were focused on vacancy-type dislocation loops. Previous high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) studies from the current group [Wan et al.  Philos. Mag. A , 1986; Huang et al.  Fusion Eng. Des ., 2010; Wan et al.  J. Nucl. Mater ., 2014; Du et al.  Acta Metall. Sin.-Engl ., 2019] have shown that interstitial loops were fully eliminated in hydrogen-ion-implanted  α -Fe at 500℃. Only vacancy loops were left behind and the size of which could achieve 100 nm. The addition of Ni in  α -Fe could reduce the formation temperature of vacancy-type dislocation loops ( T  c ) to ~ 450℃, while the addition of Cr could increase the temperature to above 600℃. However, these experiments are usually difficult to perform owing to the scarce resource of HVEM facilities. In this paper, in-situ observations by conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM, 200 kV) were systematically carried out in hydrogen-ion-implanted  α -Fe and Fe-based binary alloys (Fe-3wt.%Cr, Fe-1.4wt.%Ni and Fe-1.4Wt.%Mn). The evolution of morphology and average size of dislocation loops under different annealing temperatures was investigated. The formation temperatures of vacancy-type dislocation loops were determined from the change of average loops size at different annealing temperatures. The results are consistent with previous studies by HVEM. The effect of Mn in  α -Fe is similar to Cr, which leads to  T  c  increase, and the addition of Ni in  α -Fe could decrease  T  c . Furthermore, the results of D thermal desorption spectrum (TDS) analysis have shown that  T  c  is affected by the binding and release process of hydrogen isotopes to vacancies in  α -Fe. Alloying element Ni promotes the binding and release of hydrogen isotopes to vacancies, which leads to  T  c  decrease. Cr and Mn inhibit the binding and release of hydrogen isotopes to vacancies, which lead to  T  c  increase.

Evolution of dislocation loops and effect of annealing temperature on hydrogen-ion-implanted Fe-based binary alloys