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High power fiber laser systems have attracted extensive attention due to compactness, good beam quality, efficient heat dissipation and high conversion efficiency. They are widely used in industrial processing, military, medical treatment and other fields. Over the past two decades, owing to the development of double cladding fiber and high-brightness laser diodes, the output power of fiber lasers has been greatly improved. Unfortunately, nonlinear effects (NLEs), such as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), restrict the further enhancement of the output power of fiber lasers. Apparently, increasing the core diameter is the most common way to suppress NLEs in the fiber, but this causes another limiting factor, i.e. mode instability (MI), resulting in the deterioration of the beam quality and in the limitation of the power scaling. Therefore, it is important and urgent to suppress the NLEs and MI simultaneously in fiber lasers. The M-type fiber, by designing refractive index profile, breaks through the stringent trade-off between mode area and numerical aperture (NA), so it possesses a larger mode area than the step index fiber, which helps to avoid NLEs and expand the power range. The M-type ytterbium doped double-clad fiber is fabricated by the modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process with solution doping technology (SDT), the core/cladding diameter is 25/400 μm. The NA of high index ring and index dip in the core are 0.054 and 0.025, respectively. To test the performance of the M-type fiber during high-power operation, a 976 nm bidirectional pumped all-fiber amplifier is constructed. As a result,  maximum output power of 2285 W is achieved with an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 66.5% under bidirectional pumping scheme, and the measured  M   2  factor is 1.42, the central wavelength and 3 dB linewidth of output laser are 1080 nm and 3.01 nm, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power in a continuous-wave fiber laser employing an M-type fiber at present. However, the MI effect is observed at the output power of 2252 W. The future work will focus on optimizing the structure of the M-type fiber to achieve a stabler higher-power and higher-efficiency laser output.

Near-single-mode 2-kW fiber amplifier based on M-type ytterbium-doped fiber