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Understanding and quantifying the main loss factors affecting the powerconversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells are urgently needed. In thiswork, based on semiconductor physics, the expressions of bulk and surfacerecombination currents are analytically derived. Then taking the optical loss,series and shunt resistance losses, and bulk and surface recombination lossesinto consideration, an equivalent circuit model is proposed to describe thecurrent density-voltage characteristics of practical perovskite solar cells.Furthermore, by comparing to the drift-diffusion model, the pre-definedphysical parameters of the drift-diffusion model well agree with the fittingparameters retrieved by the equivalent circuit model, which verifies thereliability of the proposed model. Moreover, when the circuit model is appliedto analyze experimental results, the fitting outcomes show favorableconsistency to the physical investigations offered by the experiments. And therelative fitting errors of the above cases are all less than 2%. Throughemploying the model, the dominant recombination type is clearly identified andsplit current density-voltage curves characterizing different loss mechanismsare offered, which intuitively reveals the physical principles of efficiencyloss. Additionally, through calculating the efficiency loss ratios under theopen-circuit voltage condition, quantifying the above-mentioned loss mechanismsbecomes simple and compelling. Consequently, this model offers a guideline toapproach the efficiency limit from a circuit-level perspective. And the modelis a comprehensive simulation and analysis tool for understanding the devicephysics of perovskite solar cells.

Loss Mechanism Analyses of Perovskite Solar Cells with an Equivalent Circuit Model