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The Korean students have been consistently performing at the highest levels in mathematics achievement in the world. In the TIMSS 2011 mathematics assessment for the eighth grade students, the Korean students were rated number one in the world (Mullis, Martin, Foy & Alka, 2012). In the prior years, the Korean students were rated number two in 1999, 2003, and 2007 and number three in 1995 (Mullis, et al., 2012; Mullis, Martin & Foy, 2008; Mullis, Martin, Gonzalez & Chrostowski, 2004; Mullis, Martin, Gonzalez, Gregory & Garden, 2000). Although the Korean students have been performing at the highest levels of mathematics achievement, the Korean girls' average achievement scores have been persistently lower than the boys' average scores from Korea’s first TIMSS assessment in 1995 to the most recent assessment in 2011 (Mullis, et al., 2000; Mullis, et al., 2004; Mullis, et al., 2008; Mullis, et al., 2012). The figure 1 represents the Korean eighth grade boys' and girls' average mathematics achievement scores from TIMSS 1995 to TIMSS 2011. For two assessments, TIMSS 1995 and TIMSS 2011, the gender differences were statistically

Sociocultural Factors Influencing Gender Differences in Mathematics Attitude and Achievement for Korean Students in TIMSS 2011