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Date ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds have gained interest as a valuable by-product of  the date fruit industry and have been identified as a rich source of functional and bioactive ingredients. In this study, date seeds from five varieties ( Medjool, Deglet Nour, Barhee, Bou Sthammi and Dayrie ) cultivated in Australia were analysed for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and in-vitro inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The date seed powders (DSP) were extracted with acetone-methanol-water (2:2:1, v:v:v) to obtain free polyphenols.  The bound polyphenols were extracted from the residual solids with butanol-HCl (97.5:2.5; v/v) treatment at 100 °C. The greatest quantities of total phenols (4166±227 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents 100g -1 DSP), total flavonoids (52.1±9.6 mg Quercetin Equivalents 100g -1 DSP), FRAP (1589±47 µmol Iron[II] Equivalents g -1 DSP) and TEAC (45.2±1.4 µmol Trolox Equivalents g -1 DSP) were detected in seeds from Deglet Nour variety. Both free and bound polyphenol fractions showed significant (p<0.05) inhibition against rat intestinal α-glucosidase with little or no inhibition against pancreatic α-amylase. Bound polyphenols showed stronger α-glucosidase inhibition compared with free polyphenols.  The IC 50 for α-glucosidase were reported as mg GAE mL -1 ranged from 0.39±0.02 ( Deglet Nour ) to 0.68±0.02 ( Medjool ) for bound polyphenols, and from 0.907±0.08 ( Medjool ) to 1.75±0.15 ( Barhee -khalal) for free polyphenols. Bound polyphenol fraction, with strong α-glucosidase inhibition and weak α-amylase inhibition, was suggested as a significant source of functional food ingredients with anti-hyperglycaemic properties.

Antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects of free and bound polyphenols from date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds on starch digestive enzymes