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Starch was extracted from Kwakil beans and cross-linked with POCl3 (1% v/w of starch dry basis [db]). The crosslinked starch (PCS) derivative was carboxymethylated with sodium monochloroacetate (5% to 30% w/w of starch db) to obtain cross-linked carboxymethyl starch (PCCS) derivatives. The derivatives were used in the adsorption of Pb and Cd, and the process was monitored using atomic adsorption spectrometer. Carboxymethylation enhanced adsorption of ions (Cd, 95% to 96%; Pb, 65% to 94%), and it was more appreciable with Pb than Cd as degree of substitution increased from 0.008 to 0.052. This was attributed to selective ion exchange, steric and stereochemical effects of the carboxymethyl groups. Derivatives were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Adsorption increased with pH and adsorbent dosage but decreased when temperature and interfering ion (i.e., Na and Ca) concentrations increased. Adsorption equilibrium was reached in 5 min. Kinetic parameters of Pb fitted the pseudo-second-order model (R = 0.9999), while Cd fitted the pseudo-first-order model (R = 0.9978). Isotherm parameters of Pb fitted Langmuir model (R = 0.9989), while Cd fitted Freundlich model (R = 0.9689). These parameters inferred the involvement of different combinations of physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms in the adsorption of Pb and Cd. However, the thermodynamic parameters indicated the dominance of the physisorption mechanism in the overall exothermic process (∆H = −15.51 and −9.79 kJ·mol for Pb and Cd, respectively). Pb and Cd were recovered (≈100%) in 1 M HNO3, and efficient re-adsorption (>80%) was obtained till third reuse cycle. Product was used to treat wastewater and the heavy metals were efficiently removed.

Studies of the Removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solutions using POCl3 Cross-linked Carboxymethyl Derivatives of Legume Starch