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T he Syria civil war is approaching, if not a conclusion, at least a hiatus that might be converted into a conclusion. More than six years of efforts to overthrow Syrian president Bashar al-Assad have failed. The United States and its European and Gulf Arab allies recognize that even the continued provision of military assistance to the opposition, now at much reduced levels, will not bring about that goal.1 Instead, what leverage the United States and its allies still possess derives largely from their ability to offer or withhold reconstruction assistance. The United Nations–brokered Geneva peace talks between the Syrian government and the opposition are going nowhere, stymied by the inability of the parties to even meet face to face, let alone agree on the principles of a transition that would lead to Assad’s exit. In this paper, we argue that an approach to reconstruction offered on a community-by-community basis could foster a bottom-up political process, help consolidate the peace, reduce the regime’s reliance on Russia and Iran, and make the reemergence of a terrorist movement like the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) less likely.

A Peace Plan for Syria IV: A Bottom-Up Approach, Linking Reconstruction Assistance to Local Government Formation