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― 121 ― Background: Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is expressed in upper airways, and signals through TLR3 induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by sinonasal tissue cells. However, little is known regarding whether TLR3 signals exert a regulatory effect on the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), especially on eosinophilic inflammation. Objective: We sought to investigate the effect of Poly(IC), the ligand for TLR3, on cytokine production by dispersed nasal polyp cells (DNPCs). Methods: DNPCs were pretreated with or without Poly(IC), and were then cultured in the presence or absence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), following which the levels of IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A and interferon (IFN)-γ in the supernatant were measured. To determine the involvement of IL-10 and cyclooxygenase in Poly(IC)-mediated signaling, DNPCs were treated with anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody and diclofenac, respectively. Poly(IC)-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was also determined. Results: Exposure to Poly(IC) induced a significant production of IL-10, but not of IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A or IFN-γ by DNPCs. Pretreatment with Poly(IC) dose-dependently inhibited SEB-induced IL-5, IL-13 and IL-17A, but not IFN-γ production. Neutralization of IL-10 significantly abrogated the inhibitory effect of Poly(IC). Treatment with diclofenac also abrogated the inhibitory effect of Poly(IC) on SEBinduced IL-5 and IL-13 production. However, unlike exposure of diclofenac-treated DNPCs to lipopolysaccharide, the ligand for TLR4, exposure of these cells to Poly(IC) did not enhance IL-5 or IL-13 production. Poly(IC)-induced release of PGE2 by DNPCs was transient and not significantly higher than controls. Conclusions & Clinical Relevance: These results suggest that TLR3 signaling regulates eosinophilic inflammation in CRSwNP, at least in part, via IL-10 production. For clinical implications, these observations may provide a basis for novel therapeutic approaches targeting Poly(IC) and other viral components in the management of eosinophilic airway diseases such as CRSwNP, allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Regulatory effect of TLR3 signaling on staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced eosinophilia-associated cytokine production by nasal polyps