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The search and rescue of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants on theMediterranean has become a site of major political contestation in Europe, onthe seas, in parliaments and government offices and in online public opinion.This article summarises one particular set of controversies, namely, falseclaims that the non-government organisations conducting such search and rescueoperations are actively ‘colluding’ with people smugglers to ferrypeople into Europe. In spring and summer 2017, these claims of‘collusion’ emerged from state agencies and from anti-immigrationgroups, became viral on social media platforms and rapidly moved into mainstreammedia coverage, criminal investigations by prosecutors and the speech and lawsof politicians across the continent. These claims were in turn connected tofar-right conspiracy theories about ‘flooding’ Europe with‘invaders’. By looking at the experience of one particular ship,the MV  Aquarius , run in partnership by MSF and SOSMéditerranée, the authors detail the risks that humanitarianorganisations now face from such types of disinformation campaign. Ifhumanitarian organisations do not prepare themselves against this risk, theywill find themselves in a world turned upside-down, in which their efforts tohelp people in distress become evidence of criminal activity.

The Critical Risk of Disinformation for Humanitarians – The Case of the MV Aquarius