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Thousands of people died in Rotterdam during the Second World War in more than300 German and Allied bombardments. Civil defence measures had been taken beforethe German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940 and these efforts wereintensified during the country’s occupation as Allied bombers attackedRotterdam’s port, factories, dry docks and oil terminals. Residentialneighbourhoods were also hit through imprecise targeting and by misfired flakgrenades. Inadequate air raid shelters and people’s reluctance to enterthem caused many casualties. The condition of the corpses and their post-mortemtreatment was thus co-constituted by the relationship between the victims andtheir material circumstances. This article concludes that an understanding ofthe treatment of the dead after war, genocide and mass violence must paysystematic attention to the materiality of death because the condition,collection and handling of human remains is affected by the material means thatimpacted on the victims.

The co-constitution of violent death: bombs, civilian victims and material destruction in Rotterdam during the Second World War