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Despite a widespread belief that they were a tiny minority in twentieth-century physics, women have been far more present in the field than we imagine. In this essay I explore three periods in the history of the University of Toronto physics department between 1890 and 1990. In the first expansionist period (1890-1933) women were much in evidence, earning nearly 20 percent of the university's doctoral degrees in physics; during the middle years of the century (1934-1961), some of these women taught in the physics department, but participation in the graduate program declined, with no women completing doctorates; between 1962 and 1990, when physics was again expanding rapidly, women gained some ground but still earned less than five percent of the doctorates. The essay explores the histories of nine of the women who earned PhDs in physics at Toronto during this third period, with a view to discovering the factors that helped or hindered their success in the field.Les femmes occupent dans l’univers de la physique du début du 20e siècle une place beaucoup plus importante qu’on a pu le croire. Cet article aborde trois périodes de l’histoire du département de physique de l’Université de Toronto entre 1890 et 1990. Dans la première période d’expansion du département (1890-1933), les femmes sont bien visibles et décrochent près de 20 % des diplômes de doctorat décernés en physique. Au milieu du siècle (1934-1961), certaines de ces femmes enseignent au département, mais la participation féminine au programme diminue et aucune femme ne complète de doctorat. De 1962 à 1990, alors que le domaine de la physique connaît une nouvelle croissance, les femmes reprennent du terrain mais ne décrochent malgré tout que moins de 5 % des diplômes de doctorat. L’article explore les histoires de neuf femmes ayant décroché un doctorat pendant cette dernière période, pour dégager les facteurs ayant pu favoriser ou limiter leur succès en physique

A Blackboard in Her Kitchen: Women and Physics at the University of Toronto