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Men and masculinities have long been associated with narratives of dominance. Reflecting on the history of Western masculinities (a history of imperialism, expansionism and capitalist enterprise), the connections between these expressions of male power and the denigration and exploitation of the planet are plain to see. Ecomasculinity1 — a discourse concerned with how masculinities and ecologies interact — seeks to uncover and examine more positive constructions of masculinity that interact with the world from a position of care and responsibility (Slovic 2004). Discussing positive examples of being a man in the world provides a necessary and important counternarrative for contemporary Western societies experiencing a rise in the threat posed by anti-feminist and far-right ideologies supported by disenfranchised, young white men (Kimmel 2013, 2018). This counternarrative does not seek to challenge or subvert critiques of the patriarchy, or of the connections between (white) male dominance and the oppression of the natural world that ecofeminism as a discipline has exposed and described — as Greta Gaard explains, the basic premise of ecofeminism “is that the ideology which authorizes oppressions such as those based on race, gender, class, sexuality, physical abilities, and species is the same ideology which sanctions the oppression of nature” (1993, 1). Indeed, the work of ecofeminists has been crucial to understanding the interrelationships of systems of oppression and to building a framework for critical discussions about the relationship between gender and nature. Despite its broad focus on positive visions of masculinity, ecomasculinity as a concept does not necessarily run counter to the concerns or conclusions of ecofeminism. Scholars working in this area have been open in their agreement that “men and masculinities have been complicit in the lion’s share of our global and social environmental problems” (Hultman and Pulé 2018, 8). Ecomasculinity, then, can be described as an expansion of the concept of masculinity within the framework of ecofeminism.

Forming Ecomasculinities through Deep Ecology in Gravity's Rainbow