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I do not recall many rules surrounding my life in university residence during the early 1980s. We were all aware that a Dean of Women existed, and a House Don, but these institutional figures seemed to play a social rather than a supervisory role. Our house had become co-educational, we were told, after many years as a men’s residence; we accepted with only mild surprise that men and women shared even the shower and toilet areas. University life was not always like this, of course. Canadian universities in the early twentieth century bristled with regulations, and university officials were particularly concerned to monitor the conduct of female students and limit their contact with men outside of class. The Protestant churches had a significant presence on every campus, and the positions of University President and Dean of Women carried serious moral weight, as these figures, many assumed, were to act on the principle of in loco parentis when watching over undergraduates. At some point in the last century, then, the universities experienced a fundamental shift toward modernization, the ascendancy of the Protestant establishment waned, and mixed-sex bathrooms in residence became not only thinkable, but practical. This transformation has long been acknowledged, yet the actual process and timing of secularization in Canadian universities, as in society as a whole, has formed a central debate among historians. Much of this debate has focused on the years spanning World War I, when clergymen and educators struggled to reconcile Protestant orthodoxy to the demands of modern culture, particularly to the challenges of Darwinian thought and the new higher criticism of the Bible. While most scholars agree that the place of religion within Canadian society was changing by the turn of the twentieth century, they have contested the degree to which religious values and beliefs became privatized.

Gidney, Catherine. A Long Eclipse: The Liberal Protestant Establishment and the Canadian University, 1920-1970