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the growing field of what is called ‘the new working-class history,’ and to certain aspects of an invigorated rural history. Proponents of the new working class history state that neither ethnicity nor religion can he studied outside the parameters of the new field. Regardless of whether this is feasible or not, it seems the real reason for this specific criterion is that once ethnicity and religion are contained in the new field they are ignored because they stand in the way of a unified Marxist culture. In rural history, the thrust tends to deny Irish Catholics an urban experience by stating there were no ghettos in Canada because the Irish were dominantly rural-dwellers and their adjustment was much easier than that in American cities. However, by applying some concepts from the new American field of ethnoreligious history I have created a model for a specific Irish Catholic culture that developed in the ghettos during the Victorian age. This particularistic culture remained constant and did not disappear into a common, working class culture. Furthermore, it was transferred to the rural areas of Ontario, making an urban-rural consensus.

Irish Tridentine Catholicism in Victorian Toronto: Vessel for Ethno-religious Persistence