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La diversité des formes que revêt la contractualisation de l’action publique en matière environnementale dénote l’influence concurrente de deux modèles : le contrat social et le contrat juridique. L’auteure met en lumière la double ambiguïté qui sous-tend l’idée de contractualisation. Elle est tantôt inclusive, se rapprochant de l’idéal du contrat social, tantôt exclusive, se rapportant au modèle du contrat juridique. Par ailleurs, la contractualisation est parfois la source directe de normes juridiques, tout comme elle peut aussi demeurer en dehors du droit. Cette double ambivalence forme la base d’une schématisation possible des formes de la contractualisation de l’action publique, dont l’auteure propose de distinguer quatre groupes : les ententes bilatérales, les contrats collectifs, la participation publique et la consultation politique. Enfin, l’auteure esquisse le régime des ententes bilatérales entre l’Administration et les administrés, selon qu’elles ont ou non un caractère juridique.The contractualisation of government refers to a variety of practises in which public authorities negotiate the adoption or enforcement of legal norms with the parties involved. They range from public hearings to individual agreements. They occur at the stage of adopting, implementing or enforcing a given set of standards. Some are consultative ; others are formal agreements. While such practises have developed in many areas, they have been most actively pursued in the feld of environmental law. As this article suggests, the underlying contractual paradigm appears to draw on two opposing models : the social contract and the legal contract. Inclusive forms of contractualization tend towards the social contract model, while exclusive forms are reminiscent of legally binding contracts. Some forms, like legal contracts, are the direct source of legal standards, while other forms, like the social contract, are intended to be politically compelling, but not legally binding. Building on the two oppositions just described, the author identifes four types of contractualization : bilateral agreements, collective contracts, public participation and political consultation. Finally, the author discusses briefy the legal effects of bilateral agreements, depending on whether or not they are determined to be binding contracts

La contractualisation de l’action publique: contrat juridique ou contrat social ?