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Beginning in the 1930s, North American railroads began replacing their steam locomotives with diesels at an ever-accelerating rate. Established steam locomotive producers, most notably the American Locomotive Company and the Baldwin Locomotive Works, proved incapable of dealing with this radical technological discontinuity. As successful steam locomotive manufacturers, these firms developed a corporate managerial culture that was not only linked closely to steam locomotive technology; it also embodied the fundamentals of small-batch custom manufacturing. More successful competitors, such as Electro-Motive (later a division of General Motors), developed a corporate culture amenable to both diesel locomotive technology and the standardized near-mass-production techniques that made diesel production efficient and profitable. Electro-Motive executives understood that railroad customers increasingly valued performance characteristics (flexibility, lower operating costs) best fulfilled by diesels, while steam locomotive producers continued to concentrate on the outdated characteristics (horsepower, low initial cost) of steam locomotive technology.Dans les années 1930, les compagnies ferroviaires nord-américaines ont commencé à remplacer leurs locomotives à vapeur par des locomotives diesels, à un rythme toujours plus rapide. Les fabricants de locomotives à vapeur, surtout l’American Locomotive Company et la Baldwin Locomotive Works, ont été incapables de suivre ce virage technologique en épingle. En tant que fabricants prospères de locomotives à vapeur, ces entreprises avaient développé une culture de gestion qui n'était pas exclusivement liée à la technologie des locomotives à vapeur ; elle englobait aussi les principes de base de la fabrication sur mesure, en petittes quantités. Les concurrents plus chanceux, comme Electro-Motive (devenue plus tard une division de General Motors) avaient établi une culture d'entreprise applicable à la technologie des locomotives diesels et aux techniques de production en grande quantité qui ont rendu le diesel efficace et rentable. Les dirigeants d'Electro-Motive avaient compris que les compagnies ferroviaires clientes appréciaient de plus en plus les caractéristiques de rendement (souplesse, faible coût d'exploitation) qu'offrait le diesel, alors que les fabricants de locomotives à vapeur continuaient de mettre l'accent sur des caractéristiques désuètes (puissance, faible coût initial) de leurs produits

Organizational Culture and Radical Technological Change: The Railway Locomotive Industry During the Twentieth Century