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594 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently thought to affect between 5% and 10% of school age children. 1 Yet, curiously for such a common disease, ADHD was described in the medical literature only a little more than a hundred years ago. 2 It is therefore worth searching historical sources to look for older descriptions of the condition. Thome and Jacobs 3 note a description of the mixed inattentive and hyperactive subtype of ADHD in 'The Story of Fidgety Philip' ('Zappel-Philipp') from the second edition (1846) of the children's book Struwwelpeter 4 by German psychiatrist Heinrich Hoffmann (1809-1894): But Philip he did not mind His father who was so kind. He wriggled And giggled, And then, I declare, Swung backward and forward And tilted his chair … Auster 5 noticed the inattentive subtype of ADHD in a child who could not concentrate and learn his lessons despite hundreds of attempts, described more than 1 700 years ago in the Babylonian Talmud: ' What', the Master asked, 'is the matter today?' 'From the moment', the pupil replied, 'the Master was told that there was a religious matter to be attended to I could not concentrate my thoughts, for at every moment I imagined, Now the Master will get up or Now the Master will get up.' Further consistent with the notion that ADHD is an old disorder, we note here the earliest known example so far of the hyperactivity subtype of ADHD in the remarkable painting 'The Village School' (c. 1670) (Fig. 1) by Dutch master Jan Steen (c. 1626-1679). A modern diagnosis of ADHD, 6 hyperactivity subtype, requires that six of nine criteria (six hyperactivity criteria and three impulsivity criteria) be met. The children in the painting illustrate all six of the hyperactivity criteria: (i) often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in their seat; (ii) often leaves their seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected; (iii) often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults this may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness); and studies clinically applied and basic cognitive neuroscience, and also has a deep interest in the history of medicine and medicine in art.

The earliest example of the hyperactivity subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Jan Steen's 'The Village School' (c. 1670).