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X-ray excited persistent luminescence (XEPL) imaging has attracted increasing attention in biomedical imaging due to elimination of autofluorescence, high signal-to-noise ratio and repeatable activation with high penetration. However, optical imaging still suffers from limited for high spatial resolution. Methods: Herein, we report Mn 3+ -rich manganese oxide (MnO x )-coated chromium-doped zinc gallogermanate (ZGGO) nanoparticles (Mn-ZGGOs). Enhanced XEPL and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were investigated by the decomposition of MnO x shell in the environment of tumors. We also evaluated the tumor cell-killing mechanism by detection of reactive oxygen (ROS), lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane potential changes in vitro . Furthermore, the in vivo biodistribution, imaging and therapy were studied by U87MG tumor-bearing mice. Results: In the tumor region, the MnO x shell is quickly decomposed to produce Mn 3+ and oxygen (O 2 ) to directly generate singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). The resulting Mn 2+ transforms endogenous H 2 O 2 into highly toxic hydroxyl radical (·OH) via a Fenton-like reaction. The Mn 2+ ions and ZGGOs also exhibit excellent T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and ultrasensitive XEPL imaging in tumors. Conclusion: Both the responsive dual-mode imaging and simultaneous self-supplied O 2 for the production of 1 O 2 and oxygen-independent ·OH in tumors allow for more accurate diagnosis of deep tumors and more efficient inhibition of tumor growth without external activation energy.

theranostics

Mn<sup>3+</sup>-rich oxide/persistent luminescence nanoparticles achieve light-free generation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals for responsive imaging and tumor treatment

Mn3+-rich oxide/persistent luminescence nanoparticles achieve light-free generation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals for responsive imaging and tumor treatment

Mn³⁺-rich oxide/persistent luminescence nanoparticles achieve light-free generation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals for responsive imaging and tumor treatment