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Objectives: The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) among cancer patients is unknown, yet new cases of CD occur after cancer therapy exposure. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical course and endoscopic features of patients with positive celiac serology (PCS) post-cancer therapy exposure (PCTE) as compared to those with no cancer therapy exposure (NCTE). Methods: A retrospective study of adult patients with PCS at MD Anderson Cancer Center between March 2009 and May 2020. Patients with positive tTG IgA, tTG IgG, and/or EMA IgA were categorized into cases with NCTE and PCTE. Clinical course, endoscopic and histologic features, and treatments were compared between the two groups. Results: Of the 4,345 patients screened for celiac serology, 21 (0.5%) met inclusion criteria. 12 were PCTE, with a median time of 258 days (173-930 days) from initiation of the last cancer therapy. Those PCTE had a higher rate of diarrhea (75% vs 22%, p = 0.030), malnutrition and death. A gluten-free diet was initiated in 82% PCTE vs 89% NCTE, with the majority experiencing symptom resolution. There were no significant differences in endoscopic and histologic features. 17 patients met criteria for CD diagnosis. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that CD may be under-diagnosed in cancer patients. Patients with PCS after cancer therapy may present with diarrhea, nutritional deficiencies, and malnutrition, yet a gluten-free diet may be efficacious in treatment management. Therefore, CD should be considered when treating cancer patients. Given the relative proximity of PCS to cancer therapy exposure, future studies should investigate the association of cancer and cancer therapy with the development of CD.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Positive Celiac Serology and Cancer Therapy Exposure