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Neurological disease is a. prominent feature of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) infection, usually occurring during the last stages of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The neurologic cognitive impairment, termed HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex (AIDS dementia complex). Astrocytes and microglia are key participants in mediating the neurologic dysfunction associated with HIV infection of the central, nervous systems. The neuropathogenesis of IIIV-1 infection is related to secretory neurotoxins from activated HIV-J-infected macrophages The toxins produced by the macrophages include glut a mate-like neurotoxic molecules, free radicals, cysteine, platelet-activating factor, cytokines, and eicosanoids such as arachidonic acid, and as yet unidentified factors emanating from stimulated macrophages and/or reactive astrocytes.

Mechanisms of HIV-1 mediated neurodegeneration promoted by macrophages and astroglial factors