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Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), an herbaceous perennial short-day plant, shows seasonality in its regulation of shoot extension growth and flowering capacity. To enhance our understanding of the physiological mechanisms of the seasonality in chrysanthemum, we investigated the changes in growth and flowering capacity, and the variation among cultivars. We also evaluated seasonal changes and the response to chilling in shoot extension and flowering capacity in chrysanthemum under controlled environmental conditions (20°C/15°C (light/dark) with a 12-h light period). Both shoot extension and flowering capacity under the subsequent growing conditions were regulated by the temperature of prior growing conditions. After the temperature increased over the summer, chrysanthemums showed a reduced ability for extension growth, and became more difficult to induce flowering. Chilling stimulated the extension growth of shoots when the meristems were entering a dormant state. Chilling had the opposite effect on two regulatory pathways involved in flowering capacity. A pathway related to the meristem dormant state was suppressed by exposure to chilling and induced flowering, and chilling activated an inhibitory regulator in parallel. Discipline: Horticulture Additional key words: Chrysanthemum morifolium, chilling, flowering Present address: 2 Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo (Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan) 3 College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan) *Corresponding author: e-mail tamotsu@affrc.go.jp Received 30 May 2016; accepted 24 November 2016. Introduction Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is an herbaceous perennial short-day (SD) plant. The effects of environmental factors on its growth and flowering are well-documented (Cathey 1969, Cockshull 1985). In late autumn, the plants form rosetted suckers from underground parts. The development of rosettes in late autumn is an adaptive response by chrysanthemum that might evolve in its environment of origin to enable survival during winter (e.g. reviewed in Vegis 1964, Thomas and Vince-Prue 1997). These suckers show little growth during winter, but begin shoot elongation in early spring and continue vegetative growth in the long summer photoperiods. Their flowering is induced when the photoperiod becomes shorter than the critical day-length

Seasonal Variability in Dormancy and Flowering Competence in Chrysanthemum: Chilling impacts on shoot extension growth and flowering capacity