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An epizootiological study of 230 wild Penaues monodon collected from a set net in the seashore of Klong Khone, Samut Songkhram, Thailand was conducted from December 2012 to November 2013. Each month approximately 20 wild P. monodon were tested for the following five pathogenic shrimp viruses: yellow head virus (YHV), white spot syndrome virus, infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, taura syndrome virus, and infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Among all P. monodon individuals, 45.7% were positive for YHV, which causes yellow head disease that is commonly encountered in Thai shrimp cultivation. Overall, pathogenic viruses were detected in 80.9% of all the shrimp; however, IMNV, which has yet to be identified in Thailand, was not detected in any shrimp. This finding suggests that there is a link between the prevalence of pathogenic viruses in wild shrimp and the outbreaks of viral diseases in farmed shrimp. Discipline: Fisheries Additional key words: IHHNV, infection, WSSV, YHV *Corresponding author: e-mail cong@affrc.go.jp Received 1 March 2016; accepted 20 June 2016. Introduction Disease has been a prominent issue throughout the history of intensive shrimp culture in Thailand. Farming of the giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) became mainstream in Thailand in 1985 (Flegel et al. 1995, Flegel 1997). Yellow head disease (YHD) caused by the yellow head virus (YHV) was initially detected in P. monodon aquaculture in 1989 (Boonyaratpalin et al. 1993, Chantanachookin et al. 1993). As a measure to prevent the disease from spreading via culture water, many P. monodon farmers changed from open to closed culture systems in 1992 (Kasai et al. 2005). However, this change failed to prevent the spread of YHV and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Mass mortalities attributed to YHD were reported in 1995 and to white spot disease (WSD) in 1996 (Flegel 1997). Soon afterwards, inland shrimp farming began to expand widely and rapidly (Flaherty et al. 2000). Retarded growth amongst P. monodon was reported in 2001-2002 (Chayaburakul et al. 2004). Despite a large-scale transition away from farming P. monodon to farming Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the early 2000s (Wyban 2007), YHD continued to occur in L. vannamei ponds located in inland areas (Senapin et al. 2010). A newly emerging disease, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) that is caused by Vibrio parahemolyticus, began to inhibit L. vannnamei production in Thailand, resulting in great losses (Flegel 2012, Tran 2013). Wild P. monodon from coastal areas should be used in juvenile production to protect against the introduction of invasive alien viruses from foreign countries, and to preserve genetic diversity. Monitoring wild shrimp for pathogenic

Presence of Viral Pathogens amongst Wild <i>Penaeus monodon</i> in Thailand