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Throughout most of the world, warning signs next to elevators indicate that they should not be used in fire situations. However, the idea of using elevators for fire evacuation has gained considerable attention. This paper is an overview of what has been learned from a number of research projects conducted at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the 1980s and 1990s concerning the use of elevators during building fires. An elevator system intended for evacuation needs to have protection from heat, flame, smoke, water, overheating of elevator machine room equipment, and loss of electrical power. In addition, such an elevator system needs to have a control approach to assure protection of people traveling in the elevator. In areas of high seismic activity, attention needs to be paid to earthquake design. Smoke protection technology for elevator evacuation systems has been developed. Water exposure due to sprinklers and fire hoses is a concern because of the effect that water can have on electrical and electronic elevator components, and tests have been conducted to determine water leakage rates and observe water leakage patterns. Further, the development of an elevator evacuation system needs to take into account human behavior so that building occupants will be willing and capable to use the system in an emergency. The computer program for elevator evacuation (ELVAC) was developed to estimate time for elevator evacuation, and ELVAC has been used to demonstrate the extent to which elevators can speed up emergency evacuation.

Summary of NISTGSA cooperative research on the use of elevators during fire emergencies