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In the early 1970s, one-third of the energy consumed in the United States was used to heat and cool buildings and to provide illumination, water heating, and other building services. Shortages of fuel oil, gas and electricity were quite prevalent on a localized basis in the winter of 1972-73. Temporary closing of schools, shutdowns of industry and government facilities during spells of severe weather, and electrical brownouts created strong demands in several states for regulations that would provide for equitable distribution of available supplies during periods of shortage. Responding to these demands in the spring of 1973, the National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards (NCSBCS) requested the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to develop a set of design and evaluation guidelines for energy conservation in buildings that states could use pending development of a national consensus standard. These requirements were to be nationally applicable and effective for buildings of all types. NBS drew on its long-term research expertise in the prediction and measurement of building thermal performance and lighting to formulate a technically and economically effective approach to the design of new energyconserving buildings. In February 1974, shortly after the OPEC oil embargo, NBSIR 74-452, Design and Evaluation Criteria for Energy Conservation in New Buildings [1], became available for use. Most states have delegated their constitutional authority for establishing and enforcing building codes to local units of government. In the late 1960s, Charles T. (Chuck) Mahaffey of NBS conceived a plan to address the problem of non-uniformity in U.S. building codes and standards, based on the way the states and NBS cooperated in the National Conference of Weights and Measures, Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratories (CCRL), and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). As an outgrowth of an exploratory meeting in which state officials in Wisconsin played a major role, NCSBCS was formed on November 20, 1967, at an organizational meeting attended by delegates from 16 states. It was agreed that NCSBCS would provide a forum for discussing administrative problems in building regulation at the state level, and develop and seek adoption of uniform and comprehensive state building codes and standards. NBS officially furnished secretariat services from April 1970 until October 1976, housed NCSBCS until September 1976, and continued to provide technical support [2,3,4]. NCSBCS soon took up the question of regulations to conserve energy use in buildings. Its Standards and Evaluation (S&E) Committee noted that “the sense of urgency connected with the energy crises may cause some states to enact hastily prepared legislative requirements ill-suited to solving the national problems involved.” At the Committee’s request, Paul R. (Reece) Achenbach summarized NBS research in the field of energy use in buildings. As a result, the Committee members voted as follows:

Design and evaluation criteria for energy conservation in new buildings